Noise Effects on a Proposed Algorithm for Signal Reconstruction and Bandwidth Optimization

The development of wireless technology in recent years has increased the demand for channel resources within a limited spectrum. The system\u27s performance can be improved through bandwidth optimization, as the spectrum is a scarce resource. To reconstruct the signal, given incomplete knowledge about the original signal, signal reconstruction algorithms are needed. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for reducing the effect of adding additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) using a noise reject filter (NRF) on a previously discussed algorithm for baseband signal transmission and reconstruction that can reconstruct most of the signal’s energy without any need to send most of the signal’s concentrated power like the conventional methods, thus achieving bandwidth optimization. The proposed scheme for noise reduction was tested for a pulse signal and stream of pulses with different rates (2, 4, 6, and 8 Mbps) and showed good reconstruction performance in terms of the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) and achieved an average enhancement of around 48%. The proposed schemes for signal reconstruction and noise reduction can be applied to different applications, such as ultra-wideband (UWB) communications, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, mobile communication networks, and radar systems

A developed IoT technique and P&O-MPPT to enhance the output power of solar cell systems

Abstract- Given the urgent need for continuous development in solar cell systems to increase their efficiency, in this study, a developed IoT technique was built to monitor the solar irradiance fluctuation around the solar cell systems, and a Perturbation and observation algorithm (P&O) was developed to increase the output power from the PV systems. In order to save energy, the IoT technique has been supported with a light-dependent resistor to operate and shut down with sunlight. The whole IoT technique was fed from the PV system to save energy and avoid a power outage. The measured solar irradiance profile was displayed online on the ubidots. Then, the measured solar power irradiance through IoT was introduced to the MATLAB simulation program to study the performance of the proposed P&O maximum power point tracking (P&O-MPPT) algorithm. The P&O-MPPT algorithm was used to control the voltage and current by continuous adjustments in the duty cycle to improve the output power of the studied solar system. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the monitoring system based on IoT in recording changes in solar radiation and the improvement in the output power as a result of the developed P&O-MPPT system

A developed IoT technique and P&O-MPPT to enhance the output power of solar cell systems

Abstract- Given the urgent need for continuous development in solar cell systems to increase their efficiency, in this study, a developed IoT technique was built to monitor the solar irradiance fluctuation around the solar cell systems, and a Perturbation and observation algorithm (P&O) was developed to increase the output power from the PV systems. In order to save energy, the IoT technique has been supported with a light-dependent resistor to operate and shut down with sunlight. The whole IoT technique was fed from the PV system to save energy and avoid a power outage. The measured solar irradiance profile was displayed online on the ubidots. Then, the measured solar power irradiance through IoT was introduced to the MATLAB simulation program to study the performance of the proposed P&O maximum power point tracking (P&O-MPPT) algorithm. The P&O-MPPT algorithm was used to control the voltage and current by continuous adjustments in the duty cycle to improve the output power of the studied solar system. The obtained results showed the efficiency of the monitoring system based on IoT in recording changes in solar radiation and the improvement in the output power as a result of the developed P&O-MPPT system

Hiding data in images using steganography techniques with compression algorithms

Steganography is the science and art of secret communication between two sides that attempt to hide the content of the message. It is the science of embedding information into the cover image without causing a loss in the cover image after embedding.Steganography is the art and technology of writing hidden messages in such a manner that no person, apart from the sender and supposed recipient, suspects the lifestyles of the message. It is gaining huge attention these days as it does now not attract attention to its information's existence. In this paper, a comparison of two different techniques is given. The first technique used Least Significant Bit (LSB) with no encryption and no compression. In the second technique, the secret message is encrypted first then LSB technique is applied. Moreover, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is used to transform the image into the frequency domain. The LSB algorithm is implemented in spatial domain in which the payload bits are inserted into the least significant bits of cover image to develop the stego-image while DCT algorithm is implemented in frequency domain in which the stego-image is transformed from spatial domain to the frequency domain and the payload bits are inserted into the frequency components of the cover image.The performance of these two techniques is evaluated on the basis of the parameters MSE and PSNR

High Gain UWB Antenna Element Design for Cognitive Radio Systems using Low Cost FR4 Substrate

In cognitive radio (CR) and Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication systems, one of the keys issues is designing a compact antenna while providing wideband characteristic over the entire operating band. In these systems, printed wide slot antennas have received much attention owing to their wideband matching characteristics and omnidirectional radiation patterns. In addition they present really appealing physical features, such as simple structure, small size and low cost. In this paper, a small antenna with circular radiating patch and defected ground structure for UWB applications is proposed. The proposed antenna provides a wideband frequency range from 1.17 GHz to more than 12 GHz. But, its maximum allowable gain is low and equals . In order to increase the antenna gain while maintaining the same impedance matching characteristics, a plane reflector is placed beneath the antenna at a specific distance . The plane reflector reflects the backward radiated power again towards the antenna to be constructively added to the forward radiated power. In this case, the modified antenna radiated power is significantly increased and the maximum allowable antenna gain is also increased up to  which is  times greater than the gain of the antenna without reflector.  In addition, the modified antenna exhibits  to  radiation efficiency over the operating frequency range. Good return loss and radiation pattern characteristics are obtained in the frequency band of interest. The antenna is designed using the CST Microwave Studio software using low cost FR4 (lossy) substrate with and . Simulated and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed antenna

A Hybrid NLMS/RLS Algorithm to Enhance the Beamforming Process of Smart Antenna Systems

Adaptive beamforming algorithm is a signal processing technique used by smart antenna system to steer the main beam toward the desired signal direction and cancel the interfering signals of other directions. This paper proposes a hybrid non-blind beamforming algorithm that combines the Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) algorithm and the Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithm to exploit the advantages of both algorithms and avoid their drawbacks. The hybrid NLMS/RLS algorithm solves many problems of the other non-blind algorithms. A comparative study between the proposed algorithm and other non-blind beamforming algorithms is introduced to illustrate the points of strength of the proposed algorithm. The hybrid NLMS/RLS algorithm is applied to different types of patch array antenna with resonance frequency 10GHz to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm to each array antenna type

Genetic and Morphological Diversity Assessment of Five Kalanchoe Genotypes by SCoT, ISSR and RAPD-PCR Markers

Determining the appropriate parents for breeding programs is the most important decision that plant breeders must make to maximize the genetic variability and produce excellent recombinant genotypes. Several methods are used to identify genotypes with desirable phenotypic features for breeding experiments. In this study, five kalanchoe genotypes were morphologically characterized by assessing plant height, number of inflorescences, number of flowers, flower length, flower diameter and number of petals. The analysis showed the distinction of yellow kalanchoe in the plant height trait, while the orange kalanchoe was distinguished in the number of inflorescences, the number of flowers and flower length traits, whereas the violet kalanchoe possessed the largest flower diameter and the highest number of petals. The molecular profiling was performed by random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tools. Genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves and the PCR reactions were performed using ten primers for each SCoT, ISSR and RAPD marker. Only four out of ten primers showed amplicon profiles in all PCR markers. A total of 70 bands were generated by SCoT, ISSR and RAPD-PCR with 35 polymorphic bands and 35 monomorphic bands. The total number of bands of RAPD, ISSR and SCoT was 15, 17 and 38, respectively. The polymorphism percentages achieved by RAPD, ISSR and SCoT were 60.25%, 15% and 57%, respectively. The cluster analysis based on morphological data revealed two clusters. Cluster I consisted of violet and orange kalanchoe, and cluster II comprised red, yellow and purple kalanchoe. Whereas the cluster analysis based on molecular data revealed three clusters. Cluster I included only yellow kalanchoe, cluster II comprised orange and violet kalanchoe while cluster III comprised red, and purple kalanchoe. The study concluded that orange, violet and yellow kalanchoe are distinguished parents for breeding economically valued traits in kalanchoe. Also, the study concluded that SCoT and RAPD markers reproduced reliable banding patterns to assess the genetic polymorphism among kalanchoe genotypes that consider the basis stone for genetic improvements in ornamental plants